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    <title>ricardo-batista</title>
    <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt</link>
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      <title>Adaptação de lentes de contacto  costumizadas com base em topografia escleral</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/adaptacao-de-lentes-de-contacto-costumizadas-com-base-em-topografia-escleral</link>
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           TRANSFORMING SPECIALTY LENS FITTING
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            The
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           Eye Surface Profiler (ESP)
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            is a corneo-scleral profilometer with more features than any other topographer. The ESP is the first to offer profiles not only of the cornea but also of the entire limbus (area between the sclera and the cornea) and a large part of the sclera (the white of the eye).
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           Instead of mapping only the contour of the cornea, the Eye Surface Profiler determines the "sagittal height," or depth, of the entire area of the eye that the contact lens should cover. This type of measurement provides a more complete picture of the shape of the eye, which is more suitable for the fitting of contact lenses.
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           Using 500,000 measurement points in a 20mm area, the ESP can accurately map every little detail of the eye's surface, making it the perfect tool for fitting custom lenses.
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           What does this mean for our patients?
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           -     We can identify which type of contact lens will be the best choice.
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           -     The fitting process will be much shorter compared to other practices, saving you time and hassle.
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           -     The lenses will be more comfortable than you thought possible.
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           -     We can offer more patients the option of wearing advanced contact lenses, even those with acute eye conditions.
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           What does this mean for our patients?
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           -     We can identify which type of contact lens will be the best choice.
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           -     The fitting process will be much shorter compared to other practices, saving you time and hassle.
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           -     The lenses will be more comfortable than you thought possible.
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           -     We can offer more patients the option of wearing advanced contact lenses, even those with acute eye conditions.
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           Scleral Lens Technology
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           Non-surgical treatment
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            Custom scleral lenses offer an advanced solution for various eye conditions, providing a comfortable and secure fit. Thanks to the Eye Surface Profiler (ESP), we can create scleral lenses that fit perfectly to each patient's unique anatomy.
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           Are you a patient with
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           •     keratoconus?
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           •     severe dry eye?
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           •     irregular cornea?
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           •     Marginal Pellucid Degeneration?
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            ﻿
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           BETTER RESULTS
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           Comfortable and optimal fit
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            The
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           Eye Surface Profiler
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           creates 3D maps of the surface of the eye. This helps us determine, from unlimited lens designs, which one works best for you.
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           Discover how comfortable your contact lenses can be when they fit your eyes perfectly, thanks to these revolutionary eye measurements!
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           Advanced scanning capability
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           This state-of-the-art profilometer allows us to take highly accurate measurements of not only your cornea, but also the area beyond it known as the sclera.
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            The
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           Eye Surface Profiler
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            accurately maps every detail on the surface of your eye, giving a complete picture of its shape. Having this detailed information can be critical when fitting complex scleral contact lenses.
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           Fast and convenient
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           The measurement process is very fast and in a matter of seconds we will have the precise data of 500,000 measurement points. No need to wait for your results!
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            By making the first lens fit more closely to the shape of your eye, using the
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           Eye Surface Profiler
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           means not only shorter appointments, but also fewer appointments.
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      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 15:01:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/adaptacao-de-lentes-de-contacto-costumizadas-com-base-em-topografia-escleral</guid>
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      <title>I-fresh Total</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/i-fresh-total</link>
      <description>Estima-se que a doença de olho seco (DOS)tenha uma prevalência global de

5% - 50%, contudo estes valores são difíceis de serem calculados pela falta de uma definição globalmente aceite, bem como critérios de diagnóstico e classificação uniformizados, levando a um sub diagnóstico clínico e interesse terapêutico.</description>
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           I-fresh Total
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            Estima-se que a doença de olho seco (DOS)tenha uma prevalência global de
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           5% - 50%, contudo estes valores são difíceis de serem calculados pela falta de uma definição globalmente aceite, bem como critérios de diagnóstico e classificação uniformizados, levando a um sub diagnóstico clínico e interesse terapêutico.
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           Artigo da autoria de Ricardo Baptista, ortoptista
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           A TFOS (tear film &amp;amp; ocular surface society) surgiu na tentativa de colmatar esta lacuna, sendo uma sociedade líder na educação e estudo da DOS. Em 2007, lançou o primeiro relatório(DEWS – dry eye workshop) onde consta a primeira definição de DOS globalmente aceite. Em 2017, o DEWS II veio atualizar esta mesma definição bem como outros aspetos relacionados com esta patologia. Estes novos conceitos ainda hoje se mantêm à luz do conhecimento científico atual.
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           Assim sendo, define-se DOS como “uma doença multifatorial da superfície ocular, caracterizada pela perda de homeostasia do filme lacrimal e acompanhada por sintomatologia ocular, onde a instabilidade do filme lacrimal, hiperosmolaridade, inflamação e alterações neurossensoriais, desempenham um papel etiológico.
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           A identificação e classificação clínica do subtipo de DOS permanece importante, nomeadamente para a tomada de decisão terapêutica primária. No entanto, estes fazem parte de um largo espectro da doença ao invés de adotarem caminhos fisiopatológicos distintos.
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            Com base na revisão de literatura por pares(peer-review), DEWS II refere o mecanismo fisiopatológico da DOS como sendo a hiperosmolaridade lacrimal (≥308 mOsm/lou diferença entre olhos ≥8 mOsm/l) induzida pela evaporação, que é a característica princi-pal da doença.
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            Esta danifica a superfície ocular tanto diretamente, como através de processos inflamatórios, criando assim o chamado “ciclo vicioso” da DOS. São conhecidos dois subtipos de DOS por deficiência aquosa e evaporativo. Considerando o subtipo deficiência aquosa, a hiperosmolaridade surge resultado da redução da secreção lacrimal.
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            Por sua vez, o subtipo evaporativoprovém de uma evaporação excessiva do filmelacrimal.
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            Uma vez que a osmolaridade é umafunção atribuída à evaporação do filme lacrimal,ambos os subtipos podem ser consideradosevaporativos, pois resultam de estados derelativa evaporação. Por outras palavras, oevaporativo não é mais que um estado hipere-vaporativo comparativamente ao outro.A hiperosmolaridade é o gatilho da DOS,desencadeando uma série de eventos emcascata dentro das células epiteliais, levandoà libertação de mediadores inflamatórios eprotéases.
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           Estes mediadores, juntamente com a hiperosmolaridade causam perda de células caliciformes e epiteliais e danos no glicocálice. Os mediadores inflamatórios das células T são ativados reforçando as alterações epiteliais resultando numa epiteliopatia puntiforme característica da DOS e instabilidade do filme lacrimal. Esta instabilidade, por seu lado, provoca rutura precoce do filme, amplificando a hiperosmolaridade completando o “ciclo vicioso”
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            Compreender este “ciclo vicioso” é também compreender a possibilidade de atuação terapêutica a nível 1, através de uma ação local e tópica atenuando todos os fatore setiológicos, quebrando ou reduzindo este mesmo “ciclo vicioso”.i-fresh total (DÁVI II Farmacêutica) emerge neste contexto com o intuito de aliviar os sinais e sintomas associados à DOS em estádios moderados ou graves. Colírio este, resultante de uma microemulsão lipídica, tendo como composição 0,1% óleo de semente de sacha inchi (PlukeneticVolubilis), 2% trealose e 0,2% hialuronato de sódio de elevado peso molecular.
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            O Hialuronato de sódio é um agente intensificador de viscosidade aumentando a espessura do filme lacrimal, proteção da superfície ocular evitando a desidratação, promoção da retenção de lágrima, manutenção da espessura corneana (evitar edema) e proteção da densidade de células caliciformes.
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           Para além disto, e devido ao seu elevado peso molecular, vários estudos demonstraram a sua capacidade de ligação às células da superfície ocular e a sua capacidade de cicatrização.
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            A trealose é um osmoprotetor, dissacarídeo natural presente em inúmeras plantas permitindo a sua sobrevivência em ambientes hostis.
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            A sua capacidade de realizar anidrobiose permite a estes seres vivos sobreviverem a grandes períodos de desidratação, bem como pela alta capacidade de retenção de água, bioproteção e osmoproteção. No olho humano, estudos in vitro e in vivo demonstraram a capacidade da trealose protegeras células corneanas e conjuntivais contra a apoptose.
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           Por outro lado, é um mecanismo de defesa contra o stress oxidativo induzido pelos ultravioletas, acelerando o processo cicatricial e reduzindo o número de citocinas inflamatórias conjuntivais na presença de DOS.
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           Mas a principal função em DOS é restaurar o equilíbrio osmótico da superfície ocular, prevenir a desnaturação das bicamadas lipídicas e proteínicas da membrana celular, mantendo a homeostasia corneana.
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           Como já abordado anteriormente, a camada lipídica tem um papel fundamental na prevenção da taxa de evaporação. Embora ambos os subtipos se possam considerar evaporativos, o subtipo evaporativo apresenta uma prevalência muito superior, motivo pelo qual o foco é a avaliação e tratamento da disfunção das glândulas de meibomuim(DGM) e, consequente, introdução de uma variedade de óleos minerais e fosfolípidosnas formulações dos colírios. Estes lípidos são introduzidos nas formulações através de emulsões (líquidos não solúveis são dispersos noutros líquidos como óleo ou água),podendo ser classificadas como macroemul-sões (&amp;gt;100nm), nanoemulsões (entre 10nm e 100nm) e microemulsões (&amp;lt;10nm).
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            As macroemulsões, devido ao seu tamanho, provocam visão turva pela dispersão da luz, quando aplicadas topicamente.  As microemulsões são preferíveis topicamente, porque a estrutura das gotas é inferior ao comprimento de onda da luz visível, não turvando a visão.
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           A sacha inchi (Plukenetic Volubilis) é uma planta cujas sementes são ricas em proteínas, ácidos gordos ómega 3, ómega 6 e ómega9, gama tocoferol (vitamina E), carotenoides(vitamina A) e fibra. A composição dos ácidos gordos da semente é excecional, apresentando um rácio de ácidos gordos insaturados muito elevado (≈90%) e quase50% de ómega 3. O tocoferol (vitamina E) é um dos antioxidantes naturais mais potentes favorecendo a atividade de cicatrização de feridas e atenuando o stress oxidativo associado à hiperosmolaridade (diminuindo aosmolaridade).
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            A DÁVI com o i-fresh Total apresenta uma tecnologia DEMETTM consistindo numa microemulsão conferindo características únicas à formulação como um rácio de ácidos gordos insaturados semelhantes ao da lágrima, volume da gota da solução oftálmica controlada (30 μl) pelo máximo de permanência na superfície ocular e tensão superficial necessária para que a gota se espalhe rapidamente e de uma forma uniforme após o pestanejo.
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            A eficácia e segurança do i-fresh Total assenta no estudo de base unicêntrico, aleatório, prospetivo e quadruplamente cego. Esta formulação em microemulsão apresentou melhorias na qualidade de vida dos doentes com DOS moderados a severo, atuando sobre os três fatores etiológicos, nomeadamente a instabilidade do filme lacrimal, hiperosmolaridade e inflamação ocular.
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           Como vimos ao longo do artigo, a DOS é uma doença multifatorial, havendo uma correlação fraca entre sinais e sintomas, tendo sido sugerido inclusive pela TFOS DEWS II a existência de uma componente neurossensorial. Pela dificuldade de delimitar a sua fisiopatologia, o tratamento tem de ser encarado com o objetivo de aliviar o desconforto dos doentes, endo o i-fresh Total um produto desenvolvido sob esta premissa e com a finalidade de melhoria da qualidade de vida numa primeira linha de tratamento.
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           BIBLIOGRAFIA
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           1-
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           Laihia J, Järvinen R, Wylęgała E, Kaarniranta K.Disease aetiology-based design of multifunctional microemulsion eye drops for moderate or severe dry eye: a randomized, quadruple-masked and active-controlled clinical trial. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 May;98(3):244-254. doi: 10.1111/aos.14252. Epub 2019 Oct 3. PMID: 31579987; PMCID: PMC7216857.
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           2-
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           Craig JP, Nelson JD, Azar DT, Belmonte C, Bron AJ, Chauhan SK, de Paiva CS, Gomes JAP, Hammitt KM, Jones L, Nichols JJ, Nichols KK, Novack GD, Stapleton FJ, Willcox MDP, Wolffsohn JS, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II Report Executive Summary. Ocul Surf. 2017 Oct;15(4):802-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.08.003. Epub 2017 Aug 8. PMID: 28797892.
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           3-
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           Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Dana R, Deng SX, Dong PN, Geerling G, Hida RY, Liu Y, Seo KY, Tauber J, Wakamatsu TH, Xu J, Wolffsohn JS, Craig JP. TFOS DEWS II Management and Therapy Report. Ocul Surf. 2017 Jul;15(3):575-628. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 Jul 20. PMID: 28736343.
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      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2024 16:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/i-fresh-total</guid>
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      <title>Adaptação de lente escleral em doente após queratoplastia penetrante (PKP) com astigmatismo e anisometropia elevada</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/managing-a-patient-with-scleral-lens-wear-following-penetrating-keratoplasty-pkp-high-irregular-astigmatism-and-large-anisometropia</link>
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           Managing a patient with scleral lens wear following Penetrating
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           Keratoplasty (PKP), high irregular astigmatism and large anisometropia
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           Ricardo Batista
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           Departamento das Ciências da Terapia e Reabilitação, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico
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           de Lisboa. Lisboa, Portugal. ricardo.batista@estesl.ipl.pt
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           ABSTRACT:
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            Visual rehabilitation following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) is the primary indi- cation for approximately 15% of all scleral lens fittings and significant irregular astigmatism is present in 62.9% of patients after this technique. Contact lenses (CL) can improve visual function in these patients, especially scleral lens (SL) since the lens is very stable and can vault the graft- -host interface, minimizing potential mechanical irritation from lens movement or bearing and reducing the potential for graft rejection or failure and correcting a high irregular corneal astig- matism. The other indication of SL is a monocular correction after PKP because of usually large anisometropia and aniseikonia induced. The combination of these two factors leads to success and indication to fit SL in these complex cases. This is a case report on a keratoconus patient suffe- ring from irregular astigmatism, large anisometropia, and generalized leukoma after a monocular PKP infection, with the main goals of improving best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduced aniseikonia with SL.
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           Keywords: Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP); Irregular astigmatism; Anisometropia; Scleral lens; Leukoma; Inflammation.
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            RESUMO:
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           A reabilitação visual após queratoplastia penetrante (PKP) é a principal indicação para aproximadamente 15% de todas as adaptações de lentes esclerais e um astigmatismo irre- gular significativo está presente em 62,9% dos doentes após esta técnica. As lentes de contacto (LC) podem melhorar a função visual nestes doentes, especialmente as lentes esclerais (SL), uma vez que a lente é muito estável e pode ultrapassar a interface enxerto-hospedeiro, minimizando a potencial irritação mecânica relacionada com o movimento ou suporte da lente, reduzindo o potencial de rejeição ou falha do enxerto e corrigindo o astigmatismo corneano irregular elevado. Outra indicação da lente de contacto é a correção monocular após a PKP devido à anisometropia e aneisoconia normalmente presentes após esta técnica. A combinação destes dois fatores leva ao sucesso e à indicação da adaptação deste tipo de lentes de contacto nestes casos complexos. Este é um estudo de caso de um paciente com queratocone, que sofria de astigmatismo irregular, anisometropia elevada e leucoma generalizado após uma infeção monocular após PKP, com os principais objetivos de melhorar a acuidade visual corrigida (BCVA) e reduzir a aniseiconia com SL.
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           Palavras-chave: Queratoplastia penetrante (PKP); Astigmatismo irregular; Anisometropia; Lentes esclerais; Leucoma; Inflamação.
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           Introduction
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           Approximately 10% to 15% of patients diagnosed with
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           keratoconus require surgery and corneal transplantation is
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           the procedure employed6. The purpose of corneal transplantation for keratoconus is to replace the abnormal anterior refracting surface of the eye with a donor cornea that has a normal anterior surface shape. Corneal transplantation for keratoconus may be full-thickness (penetrating) or partial-thickness (lamellar)6. Various methods have been used to
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           manage post-PKP astigmatism, including suture  djustment,selective suture removal, relaxing incisions, laser refractive surgery with customized laser ablation, laser in situ keratomileusis, and photorefractive keratectomy7. CL is used as the nonsurgical modality of choice for visual rehabilitation
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           after PKP1,3,7. Optical rehabilitation after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) is the primary indication for approximately
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           15% of scleral lens fits1,3. Theoretically, SL is an ideal refractive correction for the post-graft eye because it can correct
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           highly irregular corneal astigmatism, which is very common
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           in these cases, and reduce any resultant anisometropia and
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           aniseikonia in unilateral cases3. SL is also extremely stable
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           compared with smaller-diameter corneal rigid lenses and, if
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           fitted appropriately, will vault the cornea entirely including
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           the graft-host junction, reducing the potential for mechanical irritation and tissue inflammation during lens wear1,3.
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           Despite this many indications, there is a major concern which
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           is corneal edema related to scleral lens wear because endothelial cell density decreases postoperatively, especially after more than 10 years, and will restrict the wearing time3-5.
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           This is a case report on a keratoconus patient suffering from
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           irregular astigmatism, large anisometropia, and generalized
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           leukoma after a monocular PKP infection, with the main goals
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           of improving best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduced
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           aniseikonia with SL.
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           Case report
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           A 63-year-old man presented with very low monocular visual acuity (OS), corrected with spectacles, and never used any kind of CL.
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           Ocular and medical history PKP for keratoconus in the left eye at the age of 48 years old followed by graft infection, with a history of dryness after the surgery and cataract extraction two years later of PKP.
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           Waiting for a regraft in the left eye but the surgeon would like to prolong the life of the current graft and proceed to a regraft only if absolutely necessary or/and tissue is available.
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           Keratoconus OD waiting for cataract extraction and later adapt CL too. The patient complains about intense photophobia and dysphotopsies, redness, and itching. Intraocular pressure (IOP) therapy with Azarga® (2x per day) and Xalatan® (1x per day). Spectacles correction OD: +1.00 –5.75 85° OS: -1.50. Visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR OD and ‘counting fingers’ at 1 meter on the left eye improved with pinhole to 1 logMAR.
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           Slit-lamp examination
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           OS: Dry eye disease (cf. Figure 2), pseudophakia with his
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           posterior capsule IOL well centered and clear, 1+ (Efron Scale)
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           bulbar redness, significant scarring throughout the cornea,
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           stromal thickness, multiple corneal edema and haze around
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           the visual axis and prolate grafts, like we saw on Figure 1.
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           No topographic or specular microscopy acquisition OS
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           because of strong corneal edema. Only the OCT-SA examination was realized (cf. Figures 3 and 4), and we identify both in vertical and horizontal chord an hyperreflective scarring
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
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           areas and edema.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-004-10cf0f82.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
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&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           CL evaluation (08/April/2021)
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      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            ﻿
           &#xD;
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           Before CL fitting we measure IOP OS 16mmHg (iCare®) at
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           11 am.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Based on slit-lamp evaluation, OCT-SA, corneal condition,
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           and corneal diameter (CD) we start our SL fitting using trial
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           lenses from our fitting set ICD-FlexFit from Lenticon®.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Initially, we started to determine overall lens diameter and limbal clearance based on CD measured (CD measures
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           11.5mm + 3.5mm = 15.00mm (Overall lens diameter) and
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           scribe markers (cf. Figure 4) using 14.80mm spherical lenses.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           However, scribe markers were inside limbus and disaligned
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           inferiorly and temporarily (cf. Figure 5). Each scribe measures
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           0.60mm so it means that we have to increase the overall lens
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           diameter to 15.40mm.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-004-10cf0f82.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           CL evaluation (08/April/2021)
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    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            ﻿
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Before CL fitting we measure IOP OS 16mmHg (iCare®) at
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           11 am.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Based on slit-lamp evaluation, OCT-SA, corneal condition,
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           and corneal diameter (CD) we start our SL fitting using trial
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           lenses from our fitting set ICD-FlexFit from Lenticon®.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Initially, we started to determine overall lens diameter and limbal clearance based on CD measured (CD measures
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           11.5mm + 3.5mm = 15.00mm (Overall lens diameter) and
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           scribe markers (cf. Figure 4) using 14.80mm spherical lenses.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           However, scribe markers were inside limbus and disaligned
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           inferiorly and temporarily (cf. Figure 5). Each scribe measures
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           0.60mm so it means that we have to increase the overall lens
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           diameter to 15.40mm.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-006.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
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&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
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           Following the overall lens diameter determined and after
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    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           10 minutes of wear we evaluated the fluorogram, the trial lens
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           provided an initial central clearance of 200μm. The 200μm
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           central clearance was estimated as the amount of clearance
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           equal to the thickness of the lens (300μm). After a 60-minute
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           trial lens provided a central clearance of 100μm.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
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           The next step was looking for a transition zone (TZ). In our
          &#xD;
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           patient, we were in the presence of a 90° circumferentially
          &#xD;
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           mid-peripheral touch and limbal bearing in the superiorly/
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           nasally quadrant so we increased TZR. The patient referred
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           discomfort precisely in that zone, not disappearing looking
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           left, right, up, and down and indicating an asymmetrical
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           shape of the sclera.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
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           The trial lens’ peripheral haptics were evaluated as an
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
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           excessive edge lift in the superiorly/nasally quadrant.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-005.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/Captura+de+ecr%C3%A3+2024-02-06+134201.png" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
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           Evaluation after 60 minutes.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/Captura+de+ecr%C3%A3+2024-02-06+134217.png" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Immediately after CL removal IOP value were 16.8mmHg
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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           (iCare®) at 12 am.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
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&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Follow-up visit #1 (02/May/2021)
          &#xD;
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           The patient returned three weeks later. The parameters of the lenses ordered are listed below.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/Captura+de+ecr%C3%A3+2024-02-06+134231.png" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
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&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           After 60min of wear, the eye displayed 350μm of central
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           apical clearance (Figure 7), PCCZ/LCZ touch at 180°
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           circumferentially superiorly (Figure 8), and good periph-
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           eral haptic zone but still disaligned inferior/temporally. The
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           patient still complained about discomfort in superiorly/
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           nasal, so we decided to increase the overall lens diameter to
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           16.30mm and back surface toricity to +8 (200μm).
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-007.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/image-008.jpg" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           With these changes in the new SL patient still complains
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           about discomfort in the same place so we decided to change
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           the geometry to an oblate.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Follow-up visit #2 (02/June/2021)
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            ﻿
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           After the previous evaluation, we decide to change the geometry of SL to an oblate geometry and start using trial lenses from our fitting set Zenlens from Bausch&amp;amp;Lomb®.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           Trial lens parameters are listed below
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/Captura+de+ecr%C3%A3+2024-02-06+134652.png" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;img src="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/Captura+de+ecr%C3%A3+2024-02-06+134749.png" alt=""/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           After 60min of wear, the eye displayed 300μm of central apical clearance, LCC vertically with slight touch in the superiorly/nasal quadrant (in corneal scarring zone) without discomfort but otherwise, excessive limbal clearance horizontally, good peripheral haptic zone but slightly disaligned inferior/temporally. After removal no corneal staining and edema.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      
           After this evaluation, the only parameter that we changed was LCC with an increase vertically (+2) and a decrease horizontally (-2) and we reached the final SL for our patient.
          &#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
&lt;/div&gt;&#xD;
&lt;div data-rss-type="text"&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Discussion
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
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    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            ﻿
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Penetrating keratoplasty has been performed as a treatment for keratoconus for over 70 years and involves the replacement of a full-thickness portion of the cornea despite the progress of surgical techniques.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Postoperative treatment continues to have numerous complications and patients may also not recover satisfactory VA after corneal surgery with post-keratoplasty regular or irregular astigmatism, and 10% to 20% of patients may have less than 20/200 after clear penetrating keratoplasty like present in our case6,10-11.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Many of them, such as graft rejection, significant astigmatism, cystoid macular edema, cataracts, and glaucoma lead to important limitations of the visual function11.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Glaucoma in particular, following PKP, has a relatively high frequency, it can appear early, as well as late in the evolution of the transplant, and is very important to recognize the most significant risk factors like preexisting glaucoma, lens status (i.e., aphakia, pseudophakia) and the disease for which PKP is performed. Once glaucoma has been installed after PKP, the medical treatment can control the IOP in certain cases and antiglaucomatous surgical interventions also contribute to the control of IOP11. Some studies suggest that SL has a minimal effect on IOP homeostasis in the normal eye during SL wear and an insignificant impact on the optic nerve head morphology in healthy adult eyes12 however still a large lack of studies in pathological eyes like in glaucoma that’s why is very important control IOP before and after SL wear. Cataract and glaucoma appear like a complication in this case report confirming the scientific evidence, that is why IOP measures are very important IOP measures before and after SL wear and only insert SL after 15m medication. In this case report, we are in line with the literature, observing a slight increase from 16.00mmHg to 16.8mmHg before and after removal respectively.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            The cornea has a mechanism of protecting itself against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections but this mechanism often weakens after PKP procedures and could easily cause a graft infection that is what happened in our patient, resulting in significant scarring throughout the cornea, stromal thickness, multiple corneal edema, and haze around the visual axis and prolate grafts. Graft infection is known to occur after PKP and incidence varies from 1.76% to 12.1%9. Pre-existing graft failure, extended interval between donor death and PKP, and fungal infection were important risk factors for treatment failure of graft infection5,9.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
      &lt;span&gt;&#xD;
        
            Another important issue is to evaluate the relationship between donor age and graft survival after PKP on long-term endothelial cell loss (using specular microscopy). Substantial cell loss occurs in eyes with a clear graft 10 years after PKP, with the rate of cell loss being slightly greater with older donor age and greater preoperative endothelial cell density5. Our patient has a graft of 15 years, although we do not know the donor’s age and was impossible to measure endothelial cell density, but is expected to have a very low endothelial cell density with pleomorphism and polimegathism which presents a big limitation with SL. The authors instructed their patients to remove their SL every six hours to increase oxygen delivery to the cornea and remove the stagnant post-lens fluid reservoir, which may have contributed to their relatively low failure rate and that is the strategy used with our patient3.
           &#xD;
      &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;/span&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
    &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;/p&gt;&#xD;
  &lt;p&gt;&#xD;
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            CL is used as the nonsurgical modality of choice for visual rehabilitation after PKP1,3,7. Optical rehabilitation after PKP is the primary indication for approximately 15% of scleral lens fits1,3. Theoretically, SL is an ideal refractive correction for the post-graft eye because it can correct highly irregular corneal astigmatism, which is very common in these cases, and reduce any resultant anisometropia and aniseikonia in unilateral cases1,3. We can improve BCVA from counting fingers at 1 meter to 0,6 LogMAR, presenting a significant increase.
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            When fitting a post-graft patient with a CL, there are multiple factors that must be considered. These include the diameter of the graft, the topographical relationship between the host and donor cornea, the toricity present in the graft, and the location of the graft1. In our patient with first CL order observed a TZ touch at 180° circumferentially superiorly, which is why we increased the overall diameter and created more oblate geometry. When a corneal graft is flatter than the host cornea, the graft is termed ‘proud’ or ‘sunken’2.
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            Another limitation of these cases was the excessive limbal clearance which could cause conjunctival prolapse, however, we must increase the overall diameter, create more oblate geometry, and then reduce LCC to avoid excessive limbal clearance and limbal stem cell compression. Our patient had only an excessive limbal clearance at the horizontal meridian, which is why only decreased horizontal LCC (-2). Limbal stem cells play a crucial role in replacing epithelial cells and acting as a barrier between the avascular cornea and vascularized conjunctival tissue. If limbal stem cells are compromised, corneal reepithelization by the conjunctiva can cause opacification of the cornea and poor vision1-2.
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            Despite all these limitations, the main problem still remains corneal edema. Post-penetrating keratoplasty eyes fitted with scleral lenses exhibit more corneal edema (2.99%) and greater variability in the corneal response compared with healthy eyes after a short period of lens wear. Further longer-term studies are required to determine corneal characteristics of post-penetrating keratoplasty eyes that may potentially contraindicate scleral lens wear. While these studies do not provide us with some guidelines, we suggest reducing wearing time or incorporating a period of lens removal throughout the day. Fenestrated scleral lenses may also be a viable option when fitting post-penetrating keratoplasty eyes because of their lower corneal clearance, altered tear exchange, and reduced suction forces1,3,5,9.
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            Scleral lens despite all limitations presents as a viable option in post-graft patients, especially in monocular cases correcting large anisometropia and aniseikonia and improving BCVA. We have been able to wear SL for at least six hours and avoid the need for a regraft and the possible negative outcomes associated with the surgical procedure12.
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           Recently, we had available in Portugal a profilometer that would allow us a better knowledge of the topographic profile at the peripheral cornea, limbus, and anterior sclera and, consequently, provide a consistent basis for more optimized designs of scleral contact lenses, better comfort and fitting in extremely difficult cases like this one. However, at the beginning of the fit process, it was not yet available.
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           In summary, patients with this type of diagnosis are always quite challenging. A rigorous pre-fit evaluation is required with the study of corneal endothelial status (specular microscopy), IOP, corneal topography (oblate/prolate donor cornea and limbus), scleral topography (APS of SL) and slit lamp (edema, corneal scarring, etc.). With the SL fitted, avoid central and limbal excessive vault, good scleral alignment, use SL material with the highest Dk available, control the wearing time (not exceed 6h per/day), measure IOP immediately after removal of SL and in regular check-up visits and make regular visits to control, especially edema and neovascularization.
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           References
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            1. Kumar M, Shetty R, Lalgudi VG, Vincent SJ. Scleral lens wear following penetrating keratoplasty: changes in corneal curvature and optics. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40(4):502-9.
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            2. Wietharn BE, Driebe Jr WT. Fitting contact lenses for visual rehabilitation after penetrating keratoplasty. Eye Contact Lens. 2004;30(1):31-3.
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            3. Kumar M, Shetty R, Khamar P, Vincent SJ. Scleral lens-induced corneal edema after penetrating keratoplasty. Optom Vis Sci. 2020;97(9):697-702.
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            4. Culbertson WW, Abbott RL, Forster RK. Endothelial cell loss in penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(6):600-4.
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            5. Lass JH, Benetz BA, Gal RL, Kollman C, Raghinaru D, Dontchev M, et al. Donor age and factors related to endothelial cell loss 10 years after penetrating keratoplasty: Specular Microscopy Ancillary study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(12):2428-35.
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            6. Javadi MA, Feizi S, Yazdani S, Mirbabaee F. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty versus penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a clinical trial. Cornea. 2010;29(4):365-71.
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            7. Barnett M, Lien V, Li JY, Durbin-Johnson B, Mannis MJ. Use of scleral lenses and miniscleral lenses after penetrating keratoplasty. Eye Contact Lens. 2016;42(3):185-9.
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            8. Fujita A, Yoshida J, Toyono T, Usui T, Miyai T. Severity assessment of acute hydrops due to recurrent keratoconus after penetrating keratoplasty using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44(11):1189-94.
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            9. Sung MS, Choi W, You IC, Yoon KC. Factors affecting treatment outcome of graft infection following penetrating keratoplasty. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(5):301-8.
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            10. Suarez C, Madariaga V, Lepage B, Malecaze M, Fournié P, Soler V, et al. First experience with the ICD 16.5 mini-scleral lens for optic and therapeutic purposes. Eye Contact Lens. 2018;44(1):44-9.
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            11. Zemba M, Stamate AC. Glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2017;61(3):159-65.
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            12. Walker MK, Pardon LP, Redfern R, Patel N. IOP and optic nerve head morphology during scleral lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 2020;97(9):661-8.
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           Conflito de interesses
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           O autor declara não possuir quaisquer conflitos de interesse.
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            ﻿
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           Artigo submetido em 11.11.2021 e aprovado em 23.06.2023
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      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Feb 2024 13:57:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/managing-a-patient-with-scleral-lens-wear-following-penetrating-keratoplasty-pkp-high-irregular-astigmatism-and-large-anisometropia</guid>
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      <title>Expression Glacier Shamir ™</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/expression-glacier-shamir</link>
      <description>O tratamento antirreflexo está tão intrínseco na nossa prática, e associado à compra de lentes oftálmicas, que acabamos por nos esquecer dos seus fundamentos base e as suas inovações ao longo dos anos.</description>
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           Expression Glacier Shamir ™
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           O tratamento antirreflexo está tão intrínseco na nossa prática, e associado à compra de lentes oftálmicas, que acabamos por nos esquecer dos seus fundamentos base e as suas inovações ao longo dos anos.
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           Os primeiros tratamentos antirreflexo surgiram no século XIX e tinham como objetivo aumentar a durabilidade das lentes, facilitar a sua limpeza, melhorar a visibilidade dos olhos do utilizador e, mais relevante ainda, reduzir os reflexos tanto na superfície anterior como posterior da lente.
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           Todos os materiais, incluindo a superfície polida e transparente das lentes oftálmicas, refletem luz, à semelhança do que acontece com um espelho. Contudo, a % de luz refletiva varia segundo o índice de refração do material, quanto mais elevado o índice de refração maior reflexão de luz.
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           Tanto a superfície anterior como a posterior das lentes oftálmicas refletem luz. Este fenómeno, para além de inestético, é limitador da visão, reduzindo a qualidade da visão do utilizador.
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           Mais ainda, se os materiais apresentam uma elevada reflexão de luz, esta chegará em menor quantidade à retina, diminuindo a acuidade visual e a sensibilidade ao contraste. Como consequência provoca tempos de reação visuais mais longos e muitas vezes associado a queixas astenópicas.
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            Os tratamentos antirreflexos surgiram na tentativa de reduzir a reflexão da luz e aumentar a transmissão de luz até a retina, conseguindo-se através do princípio da interferência.
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           O princípio da interferência acontece quando um feixe de luz proveniente de um determinado meio com um determinado índice de refração (por ex. o ar n=1) passa para outro meio (por ex. lente oftálmica) com diferente índice de refração, sofrendo interferência (parte da luz é refletida e outra atravessa a interface). No caso particular de uma lente oftálmica, a reflexão de luz ocorre na sua superfície anterior e posterior.
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           O tratamento antirreflexo consegue reduzir o fenómeno de reflexão de luz quando tem a capacidade de ter um comprimento de onda da superfície anterior e posterior que se anulam mutuamente. Isto é possível quando se obriga o reflexo de luz, da parte posterior da lente a percorrer ½ comprimento de onda mais distante do que o reflexo da parte anterior da lente, ocorrendo quando o tratamento tem precisamente ¼ da espessura de um comprimento de onda.
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            Com isto, estamos a aumentar a % de luz transmitida pela lente e reduzimos a % de luz “pedida” por reflexão.
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            Contudo, a luz natural (espectro de luz visível) é constituída por inúmeros comprimentos de onda diferentes. Se o tratamento antirreflexo fosse constituído apenas por uma camada única, reduziria a reflexão apenas para um determinado comprimento de onda, específico para uma cor, e todos os outros não estariam contemplados. Assim sendo, para que o tratamento antirreflexo reduza a reflexão para todos os comprimentos de onda do espetro de luz visível surge o antirreflexo por multicamadas.
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            Outro conceito relevante para compreender a eficácia do tratamento antirreflexo é o de sensibilidade espectral fotópica. A sensibilidade espectral é a eficiência relativa de detecção de luz em função da frequência ou comprimento de onda.
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            A percepção de luz no olho acontece na retina devido à presença de dois tipos de células fotorreceptoras: cones e bastonetes. Os cones, localizados na região central, encontram-se associados à visão diurna, colorida, e com a percepção de pequenos detalhes, enquanto que os bastonetes, localizados na periferia do campo de visual, estão associados à visão noturna. Ou seja, os cones e bastonetes possuem sensibilidades espectrais diferentes, definidas, respectivamente, como visão fotópica (alta luminosidade) e visão escotópica (baixa luminosidade).
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            ﻿
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           Em condições fotópicas, e apesar de existirem 3 tipos de fotopigmentos nos cones, existe apenas 1 pico na curva de sensibilidade espectral situado nos 555nm, alterando para os 507nm em condições escotópicas. Em condições fotópicas, o tempo de percepção visual é mais curto e o tempo necessário para desencadear astenopia é mais longo. Torna-se desta forma fundamental, nestas condições de iluminação, reduzir ao máximo a reflexão de luz, para permitir o máximo rendimento visual sem queixas associadas.
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            A acuidade visual (AV) é a capacidade de resolução espacial do sistema visual, sendo caracterizado pelo menor tamanho angular possível de ser identificado pelo indivíduo, geralmente usando escalas de AV com determinadas caraterísticas técnicas. Por exemplo, optótipos de cor preta sobre um fundo branco com contraste superior a 0,9 e a luminância deve ser constante em toda a tabela, igual ou superior a 120cd/m2.
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            A medição da acuidade visual é habitualmente realizada usando optótipos de Snellen de elevado contraste em salas escurecidas. Estas condições, isto é, letras de elevado contraste e o baixo nível de iluminação das salas de consulta, resultam numa incompleta informação acerca da capacidade da função visual em ambientes reais (fora do consultório). O glare, ou encandeamento (glare não incapacitante) é o principal responsável pela redução da visão devido à luz situada dentro do campo de visão, sendo de fácil entendimento a importância do antirreflexo na melhoria da AV.
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            A AV apresenta-se mais como a medida quantitativa da função visual e a sensibilidade, por seu lado, a medida qualitativa.
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            ﻿
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           Nas nossas tarefas do dia-a-dia, não estamos constantemente a ver pequenas letras sob um fundo brilhante, mas sim objetos com diversas configurações e tamanhos e com condições de iluminação também muito diversas (luz natural, luz artificial, ect). O conceito mais simples de sensibilidade ao contraste define-se como capacidade de distinguir os contornos de um objeto, sendo a sua definição mais científica dada pela razão entre a diferença de luminância e sua soma, com a seguinte formulação matemática C= (Lmax –Lmin) / (Lmax +Lmin). A curva da sensibilidade ao contraste é determinada em parte por fatores ópticos e em parte por fatores neuronais, sendo que o antirreflexo é um dos aspetos mais importantes (ópticos), especialmente em frequências espaciais elevadas, permitindo uma maior iluminação retiniana.
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           Tendo em consideração os conceitos apresentados, o departamento I&amp;amp;D da Shamir desenvolveu a LayerCalc Technology™ que permitiu a criação do novo tratamento antirreflexo Shamir Glacier Expression™. A nova LayerCalc Technology™ permite a criação de um tratamento constituído por 5 índices de refração diferentes em que cada camada ótica do conjunto antirreflexo foi cuidadosamente trabalhada, de acordo com a sensibilidade do olho humano a diferentes comprimentos de onda.
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            O Shamir Glacier Expression™ foi concebido para absorver seletivamente os comprimentos de onda a que o olho humano é mais sensível, permitindo um ótimo desempenho espectral, conforto visual, mantendo ao mesmo tempo propriedades mecânicas tais como a durabilidade, desempenho hidrofóbico/oleofóbico e refletor.
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            ﻿
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           Os tons residuais esverdeados também foram alvo de análise, e como vimos anteriormente, estão situados próximo do pico de sensibilidade espectral. A Shamir decidiu reduzir ao mínimo esses reflexos, deslocando-os para a parte periférica do espectro e, consequentemente, menos sensível para o olho humano. Como resultado, o tom residual do tratamento adquire numa coloração azul-púrpura muito discreta e estética (3x menos reflexos com mais transmissão de luz).
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           Os benefícios comprovados do tratamento Shamir Glacier Expression™ representam um novo nível de melhoria do desempenho do tratamento de lentes no universo oftálmico. A minimização do reflexo luminoso em 72%, não só permite ao utilizador uma melhor visão sem reflexos, especialmente na condução noturna, como também na sua estética. Enquanto reduz os reflexos anómalos, o tratamento Shamir Glacier Expression™ também aumenta a percentagem de luz transmitida ao olho humano, em comparação com outros tratamentos antirreflexo. Existe assim numa melhoria de 25% na sensibilidade ao contraste, tempos de reação mais rápidos, visão mais nítida e menos fadiga ocular, tudo isto traduz-se num melhor desempenho visual.
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           Referências bibliográficas:
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            Altalhi A, Khayyat W, Khojah O, et al. Computer Vision Syndrome Among Health Sciences Students in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Cureus 12(2): e7060. doi:10.7759/cureus.7060.February 20, 2020.
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             Marié S, Montés-Micó R, Martínez-Albert N, García-Marqués JV, Cerviño A.
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      &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.8.28" target="_blank"&gt;&#xD;
        
            Evaluation of Physiological Parameters on Discomfort Glare Thresholds Using LUMIZ 100 Tool
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            . Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021 Jul 1;10(8):28. doi:10.1167/tvst.10.8.28.
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            Zahra Hamedani, et al., Visual discomfort and glare assessment in office environments: a review of light-induced physiological and perceptual responses, Build. Environ. 153 (2019) 267–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. buildenv.2019.02.035
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      &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.02.035" target="_blank"&gt;&#xD;
        
            https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.02.035
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            https://spoftalmologia.pt/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Monografia-SP0-2020-FINAL-CAPA.pdf
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      <enclosure url="https://irp.cdn-website.com/8fdf982a/dms3rep/multi/1.png" length="1100751" type="image/png" />
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2023 10:42:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/expression-glacier-shamir</guid>
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        <media:description>thumbnail</media:description>
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    <item>
      <title>MiYOSMART</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/miyosmart</link>
      <description>A prevalência da miopia está a aumentar de forma preocupante em todo o mundo, constituindo um elevado risco para a saúde visual bem como um elevado custo económico para as economias.</description>
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           Artigo MiYOSMART®
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           A prevalência da miopia está a aumentar de forma preocupante em todo o mundo, constituindo um elevado risco para a saúde visual bem como um elevado custo económico para as economias.
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           Cada vez mais intervenções precoces são necessárias para combater e travar esta pandemia.
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           Várias estratégias para controlo de miopia estão a ser disponibilizadas tais como farmacológicas (atropina) e óticas (ortoqueratologia, lentes oftálmicas e lentes de contacto hidrófilas), apresentando cada uma delas resultados promissores (com diferentes níveis de eficácia) mas também algumas limitações.
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           Ao contrário de outras estratégias de controlo de miopia (ortoqueratologia e atropina) as lentes oftálmicas de desfoque miópico periférico são relativamente recentes. As lentes MiYOSMART® são as que apresentam uma base científica mais robusta (estudo aleatório e controlado a 2 anos com seguimento a 3 e a 6 anos) apresentando eficácia similar a outros métodos de controlo tais como, lentes de contacto hidrófilas multifocais ou atropina de baixa concentração (0,01% e 0,025%). Até à data apenas tivemos acesso ao “abstract” do estudo de seguimento a 6 anos que foi apresentado no ARVO em Denver e no EAOO em Dublin. Por este motivo iremos basearmo-nos nos resultados a 3 anos, bem como em outros estudos avaliando o impacto das MiYOSMART® em determinadas funções visuais, na qualidade visual, aceitação e tolerância.
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           A eficácia do controlo do equivalente esférico e do comprimento axial constitui o principal foco de interesse dos estudos de investigação. No entanto, não nos podemos esquecer do impacto na qualidade visual e em determinadas funções visuais, tais como heteroforias, amplitude de acomodação, lag acomodativo, estereopsia, acuidade visual para longe e perto e sob condições de baixo e alto contraste.
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           Para ilustrar a eficácia das lentes MiYOSMART® apresento a Figura A e B onde se pode ver a evolução média do equivalente esférico (SER) e comprimento axial (AL) desde o início do estudo até aos 36 meses de seguimento nos 2 grupos estudados (Figura A) e durante apenas os últimos 24 meses (Figura B). O tracejado vermelho representa a altura em que o grupo de controlo (utilizadores de lentes unifocais – control-to-Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments, DIMS) passou a utilizar também lentes para controlo de miopia (MiYOSMART®).
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           As diferenças médias no SER e AL no grupo DIMS (grupo que utilizou sempre lentes MiYOSMART®) durante os 3 anos do estudo foram de (n=65) −0.52± 0.69D e 0.31± 0.26 mm, não apresentando diferenças significativas ao longo dos 3 anos, significando que o controlo foi mais ou menos constante (Figura A).
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           No grupo control-to-DIMS (grupo que utilizou lentes unifocais durante 24 meses e nos últimos 12 meses lentes MiYOSMART®), ocorreram diferenças significativas ao longo dos 3 anos, tendo o SER e AL diminuído durante os 3 anos do estudo quando comparado com o primeiro (diferença média=0.45±0.30D, 0.21±0.11 mm, p&amp;lt;0.001) e segundo ano (diferença média=0.34±0.30D, 0.12± 0.10 mm, p&amp;lt;0.001) (Figura A).
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            A Figura B demonstra que não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas relativamente ao SER e AL durante o terceiro ano entre o grupo DIMS e o grupo control-to-DIMS.
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           Analisando as Figuras A e B pode-se concluir também acerca da efetividade do tratamento de controlo de miopia tanto a nível de SER como de AL, pois o grupo DIMS progrediu menos durante os 3 anos do estudo quando comparado com o grupo control-to-DIMS durante os 24 meses iniciais (utilização de lentes unifocais). Aquando da alteração de lentes do grupo controlo nos últimos 12 meses, a progressão foi aproximadamente igual.
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           O impacto das lentes oftálmicas para controlo de miopia no desempenho visual está agora a ser estudado (apesar de serem estudos piloto e de reduzida amostragem) nomeadamente avaliando a acuidade visual (AV) e a sensibilidade ao contraste (SC) sob diferentes níveis de iluminação.
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           Segundo Kaymak, et al. (2022), utilizando a zona central da lente para controlo de miopia não existe diminuição da AV nem da SC, estando estes parâmetros em linha com os apresentados quando utilizadas lentes unifocais para correção de miopia. Contudo, no olhar para o lado nasal e temporal a AV decresce 0.23±0.19 logMAR, apresentando uma AV absoluta respetivamente de 0.23±0.14 e 0.16±0.12 logMAR (assimetria nasal/temporal). 
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           A SC apresenta uma diminuição apenas no lado nasal e temporal −0.12±0.20 e −0.18±0.20 logCS respetivamente em frequências espaciais elevadas (6 a 18 cpd), não existindo diferenças estatisticamente significativas na posição primária do olhar como se pode comprovar pela Figura D.
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           Segundo Lam, et al. (2020) a amplitude de acomodação monocular e binocular, lag acomodativo e estereopsia apresentam alterações durante os 2 anos do estudo nos dois grupos incluídos, ao contrário da heteroforia horizontal para perto e para longe.
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           O decréscimo da AA (colocar também por extenso porque este acrónimo ainda não foi referido) binocular entre o grupo DIMS e o grupo de controlo (lentes unifocais) foi de –1,90 D e –2,06 D respetivamente, enquanto a AA monocular foi de –1,68 D e –1,56 D no final dos 2 anos do estudo, começando por se manifestar esta diminuição logo após os primeiros 6 meses.
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           Foi verificado uma ligeira redução do lag acomodativo aos 6 meses de utilização das lentes, tendo diminuído ligeiramente durante o restante período em ambos os grupos.
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           A estereopsia melhorou nos 2 grupos ao longo dos 2 anos, tendo-se verificado melhores valores após 12 meses, mantendo-se mais ou menos constante durante os últimos 12 meses. Os valores encontrados foram de –5,9 seg arc  e –7,4 seg arc relativamente ao grupo DIMS e grupo controlo em cada um deles respetivamente.
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            Lu,
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           et al
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           . (2020) abordou a adaptação e aceitação das lentes para controlo de miopia (MiYOSMART®) e lentes unifocais de correção de miopia em crianças e adultos. Todas as crianças estavam dispostas a usar a lente unifocais para correção de miopia na sua vida diária, enquanto apenas 85% estavam dispostas a usar a lente para controlo de miopia (MiYOSMART®). Se tivessem que selecionar a lente que não gostavam, 40% dos sujeitos não estavam dispostos a usar lentes para controlo de miopia, mas depois de serem informados de que estas poderiam retardar a progressão da miopia em 59%, então 90% dos sujeitos aceitariam usar as lentes de controlo de miopia.
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           Em comparação, embora todos os adultos estivessem dispostos a usar lentes unifocais para correção de miopia na sua vida diária, apenas 60% estavam dispostos a usar lentes para controlo de miopia (MiYOSMART®). Se tivessem de selecionar uma das lentes que não gostavam, 70% dos sujeitos não estavam dispostos a usar lentes para controlo de miopia. Valores significativamente maiores do que a proporção de relutância das crianças. Contudo quando a eficácia da lente para controlo de miopia foi discutida, a proporção de aceitação aumentou de 30% para 70%, uma taxa de aceitação semelhante às crianças.
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           Relativamente à adaptação, no grupo das crianças utilizadoras de lentes para controlo de miopia apenas existiram queixas de desfocagem paracentral e periférica, enquanto nenhuma queixa foi registada no grupo de crianças utilizadoras de lentes unifocais para correção de miopia. Os adultos por sua vez, parecem mais sensíveis às lentes para controlo de miopia, apresentando cefaleias, tonturas, desfocagem paracentral e periférica e necessidade de ajuste da armação com mais frequência e com mais severidade dos sintomas do que os utilizadores de lentes unifocais para correção da miopia.
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           Em suma, após revisão da literatura científica podemos dizer que as lentes MiYOSMART® são uma estratégia válida, eficaz e segura para o controlo da miopia, não tendo encontrado efeitos adversos significativos nas funções visuais de forma a comprometer o normal desenvolvimento do olho humano. Contudo convém realçar as limitações dos estudos muitas vezes com pequenas amostragens e de curta prospeção.
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           Bibliografia:
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           1.     Carlà MM, Boselli F, Giannuzzi F, et al. Overview on Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Lenses: A Novel Perspective in Myopia Progression Management. Vision (Basel). 2022;6(2):20. Published 2022 Apr 2. doi:10.3390/vision6020020
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           2.     Kaymak H, Neller K, Schütz S, Graff B, Sickenberger W, Langenbucher A, Seitz B, Schwahn H. Vision tests on spectacle lenses and contact lenses for optical myopia correction: a pilot study. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2022 Apr 5;7(1):e000971. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2022-000971. PMID: 35464151; PMCID: PMC8984052
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           3.     Lam CSY, Tang WC, Qi H, et al. Effect of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Spectacle Lens Wear on Visual Function in Myopic Chinese Children. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9(9):11. Published 2020 Aug 5. doi:10.1167/tvst.9.9.11
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           4.     Lam CS, Tang WC, Lee PH, Zhang HY, Qi H, Hasegawa K, To CH. Myopia control effect of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lens in Chinese children: results of a 3-year follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021 Mar 17:bjophthalmol-2020-317664. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317664. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33731364.
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           5.     Lu Y, Lin Z, Wen L, Gao W, Pan L, Li X, Yang Z, Lan W. The Adaptation and Acceptance of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segment Lens for Chinese Children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020 Mar;211:207-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.12.002. Epub 2019 Dec 13. PMID: 31837317
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      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 08:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/miyosmart</guid>
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      <title>Superkid Miofocal® - Lente oftálmica para controlo de Miopia</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/superkid-miofocal-lente-oftalmica-para-controlo-de-miopia</link>
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           Superkid Miofocal® - Lente oftálmica para controlo de Miopia
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           A prevalência da miopia está a aumentar e estima-se que em 2050 metade da população seja míope, sendo que 10% dessa população poderá ter uma alta miopia (&amp;gt;5,00 D) e por este motivo é considerado um problema de saúde pública, especialmente devido às possíveis complicações associadas à miopia patológica.
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           A miopia tem uma etiologia multifatorial, com influência de fatores genéticos, bem como de fatores comportamentais e ambientais, pelo que podemos segmentar estes fatores em não modificáveis e modificáveis.
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           Como fatores não modificáveis encontramos os genéticos, área esta que tem sofrido um grande desenvolvimento e interesse através das mais recentes pesquisas acerca dos genes ligados à miopia (atualmente mais de 200 são conhecidos), epidemiologia genética e epigenética. Deste modo devemos sempre considerar a hereditariedade (anamnese miópica parental) e etnia como fatores não modificáveis de risco.
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           Quanto aos fatores modificáveis temos os hábitos de vida diários (trabalho usando visão próxima, tempo passado no exterior e número de anos de escolaridade).
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            Como podemos constatar anteriormente, a prevalência da miopia está a aumentar e ainda existem mais dúvidas que certezas quanto à sua etiologia, no entanto a necessidade de controlo de miopia é unanime.
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            Existem vários métodos de controlo de miopia, farmacológicos e ópticos (lentes oftálmicas, lentes de contacto e ortoqueratologia).
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           A justificação da necessidade deste controlo, em vez de uma simples correção, prende-se com o facto de se tentar evitar a perda de visão irreversível em idade adulta com o aumento do risco de aparecimento de patologias tais como glaucoma, catarata, descolamento retina e maculopatia miópica.
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           É neste contexto que aparecem as lentes oftálmicas Superkid Miofocal® como um método não evasivo e eficaz no controlo da miopia.
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            A lente Superkid Miofocal® é uma lente oftálmica de desfocagem periférica. No entanto, apresenta algumas particularidades relativamente às restantes.
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           Com base em estudos científicos, concluiu-se que existe uma assimetria anatómica entre a região nasal e temporal da retina (quanto à concentração de cones e células ganglionares) provocando uma maior dominância neurofuncional da retina nasal. A região nasal apresenta uma maior inclinação aumentando a progressão da miopia (maior refração hipermetrópica) induzindo a cascata bioquímica subsequente, evidenciando uma necessidade de controlo periférico diferente no meridiano horizontal. 
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           Outros dos achados foi a desfocagem sagital ser a componente predominante no crescimento do comprimento axial (maior desfocagem hipermetrópica), enquanto que a componente tangencial não apresenta desfocagem hipermetrópica significativa ao ponto de levar a um crescimento axial.
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            Desta forma a lente Superkid Miofocal® apresenta uma desfocagem periférica horizontal assimétrica em volta do centro óptico. Já o centro óptico tem um diâmetro total de 10 mm. No entanto não é simétrico, ou seja, apresenta uma extensão de 6 mm na direção nasal e 4 mm na direção temporal, facilitando a binocularidade (em especial a convergência).
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           A desfocagem periférica cria um aumento progressivo de potência positiva atingindo as +2,50 D no lado temporal e +2,00 D no lado nasal, dado que a luz proveniente do lado temporal foca na retina nasal e vice-versa.
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           Em suma, a lente Superkid Miofocal® apresenta uma série de vantagens e características particulares como sendo um tratamento não-invasivo, não apresenta efeito de “rebound” (estudo a 5 anos), eficácia de controlo de progressão do equivalente esférico em 40% e 31% no crescimento do comprimento axial (estudo em crianças caucasianas e a 5 anos), adaptação à assimetria e dominância neurofuncional da retina e disponibilidade de fabrico em todos os índices de refração.
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            Fonte:
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           Myopia, Joint &amp;amp; Mariotti, Silvio &amp;amp; Kocur, Ivo &amp;amp; Resnikoff, Serge &amp;amp; jong, monica &amp;amp; Naidoo, Kovin &amp;amp; He, Mingguang &amp;amp; Holden, Brien &amp;amp; Salomão, Solange &amp;amp; Sankaridurg, Padmaja &amp;amp; Jonas, Jost &amp;amp; Saw, Seang &amp;amp; III, Earl &amp;amp; Kedir, Jafer &amp;amp; Trier, Klaus &amp;amp; Wong, T-Y &amp;amp; Minto, Hasan &amp;amp; Yekta, Abbas &amp;amp; Vitale, Susan &amp;amp; Zhao, Jialiang. (2015). The impact of myopia and high myopia. Report of the Joint World Health Organization-Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia.
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           Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA,Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW; CREAM Consortium. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019 Feb 28;60(3):M89-M105. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965. PMID: 30817828; PMCID: PMC6892384.
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            Morgan, I. G., Wu, P. C., Ostrin, L. A., Tideman, J., Yam, J. C., Lan, W., Baraas, R. C., He, X., Sankaridurg, P., Saw, S. M., French, A. N., Rose, K. A., &amp;amp; Guggenheim, J. A. (2021). IMI Risk Factors for Myopia. Investigative ophthalmology &amp;amp; visual science, 62(5), 3.
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           https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.5.3
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           Bullimore MA, Ritchey ER, Shah S, Leveziel N, Bourne RRA, Flitcroft DI. The Risks and Benefits of Myopia Control. Ophthalmology. 2021 Nov;128(11):1561-1579. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.032. Epub 2021 May 4. PMID: 33961969
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           Faria-Ribeiro M, Queirós A, Lopes-Ferreira D, Jorge J, González-Méijome JM. Peripheral refraction and retinal contour in stable and progressive myopia. Optom Vis Sci. 2013 Jan;90(1):9-15. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e318278153c. PMID: 23208195.
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           Faria-Ribeiro M, Queirós A, Lopes-Ferreira D, Jorge J, González-Méijome JM. Peripheral refraction and retinal contour in stable and progressive myopia. Optom Vis Sci. 2013 Jan;90(1):9-15. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e318278153c. PMID: 23208195.
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           Tarutta EP, Proskurina OV, Tarasova NA, Milash SV, Markosyan GA. Otdalennye rezul'taty ochkovoĭ korrektsii s perifokal'nym defokusom u deteĭ s progressiruiushcheĭ miopieĭ [Long-term results of perifocal defocus spectacle lens correction in children with progressive myopia]. Vestn Oftalmol. 2019;135(5):46-53. Russian. doi: 10.17116/oftalma201913505146. PMID: 31714512.
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      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 09:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Gamers e a Visão - Uma nova realidade real e virtual</title>
      <link>https://www.ricardobatistaortoptista.pt/gamers-e-a-visão-uma-nova-realidade-real-e-virtual</link>
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           Atualmente existem mais de 2,5 biliões de jogadores/gamers no mundo, movimentando biliões de dólares desde então, pois apresentam custos relativamente baixos e alto rendimento associado.
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           Os gamers são definidos pela prática de videojogos de forma individual ou por mais elementos em grupo, através de uma estrutura online, onde está presente níveis de competitividade que sejam assegurados de acordo com as regras do jogo, com o objetivo de utilizar a relação e interação entre o jogador e o adversário como meio para o derrotar, através do meio virtual.
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           Um gamer profissional tem entre os 15 e 25 anos de idade e treina 3-4 vezes por semana durante 2-4 h.
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           As competições, torneios e eventos deste desporto têm crescido de forma exponencial e cimentando-se como uma prática desportiva inovadora e que procura criar e promover um conjunto de estímulos, interações e competitividade caraterísticos da prática de atividade física. Assim sendo, a criação de competições online tem sido frequentes de forma a que sejam criadas condições para a sua prática de forma competitiva e em que o praticante tenha que possuir condições e níveis de performance ao mais alto nível, tendo para além, de skills e habilidades técnicas dentro do videojogo, níveis de concentração, controlo motor, reações rápidas e estratégias dentro da sua própria equipa.
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           Existe uma motricidade motora fina e um elevado nível de capacidade psicológica associada a esta modalidade, que permite concluir que os gamers devem apresentar níveis significativos a nível de competências psicomotoras para a sua prática.
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           A nível visual existem skills básicos necessários para uma boa performance. Foi sugerido que estes indivíduos podem apresentar melhores capacidades perceptuais visuais básicas, como também melhor coordenação olho mão, tempo de reação, velocidade perceptual, seguimento de múltiplos estímulos visuais, alternância de tarefas, resolução espacial e sensibilidade ao contraste.
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           No entanto é um tema que levanta mais questões que certezas, sendo por isso um tema proposto para estudos futuros e melhor compreensão e prevenção de possíveis problemas visuais. Determinadas variáveis devem ser analisadas e escrutinadas como tempo de exposição aos écrans, condições de luminosidade, fadiga visual digital, capacidades oculomotoras, sensoriais, visão binocular e atenção visual.
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           As lentes Shamir Millenium® apresenta determinadas características de forma a prevenir não só a fadiga visual digital, como melhorar a performance visual, tais como asfericidade positiva (+2), variação da potência na zona inferior até 0,25D e campo periférico otimizado permitindo a este tipo de indivíduos alto conforto visual, redução da pseudo-miopia, redução do cansaço visual, melhoria da sensibilidade ao contraste e focagem, proteção contra radiação luz azul nociva e infravermelhos e melhoria da resposta acomodativa durante o uso prolongado da visão para perto.
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           Cretenoud, A. F., Barakat, A., Milliet, A., Choung, O. H., Bertamini, M., Constantin, C., &amp;amp; Herzog, M. H. (2021). How do visual skills relate to action video game performance?. Journal of vision, 21(7), 10. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.7.10
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           Funk, D. C., Pizzo, A. D., &amp;amp; Baker, B. J. (2018). eSport management: Embracing eSport education and research opportunities. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 7–13.
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